Pouteria ramiflora leaf extract on emulgel in wound healing activity in diabetic rats / Ação do extrato de folhas de Pouteria ramiflora em emulgel na atividade de cicatrização de feridas em ratos diabéticos

The genus Pouteria has been studied because it presents various activities, among which is its anti-inflammatory potential. The effects of Pouteria ramiflora Carbopol gel on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats were evaluated by microscopic imaging. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in animals that had fasted for 12 hours, a situation confirmed by the glycemic index (> 240 mg dL-¹). An excision on the back of the animals was performed and three groups were formed: Control (Gel), Ethanolic extract (Ext) and Gel + extract 2% (Ext+gel); the histopathological evaluation occurred on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days after the post-operative period. The results of the phytochemical prospecting of P. ramiflora extract demonstrated the major presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate on the 7th day was higher on group Ext and Ext+gel when compared to group Control; on the 14th day control and Ext (p<0.05). The quantification of fibroblasts was higher on the 7th day among the three treatments, control and Ext (p<0.05), on the 21st day. Angiogenesis showeda higher number of vessels in Ext+gel group (p<0.05) on the 7th day; in Control, Ext and Ext+gel (p<0.05) on the 14th day; and Control and Ext (p<0.05)on the 21st day. The histopathological results showed that the formulation Ext+gel was efficient in tissue reparation and decrease in inflammatory cells on the diabetic's animals.

O gênero Pouteria apresenta várias aplicações terapêuticas e, dentre elas, grande potencial antiflamatório. Os efeitos do gel de Pouteria ramiflora sobre a cicatrização de feridas na pele de ratos diabéticos foram avaliados pela histomorfometria. A estreptozotocina foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em animais após jejum de 12 horas, a confirmação de indução da diabetes foi confirmada pelo índice glicêmico (> 240 mg dL-1). Foi realizada uma incisão no dorso do animal e foram criados 3 grupos de tratamento: controle (gel carbopol), extrato etanólico (Ext) e Gel + extrato etanólico à 2% (Ext+gel); a avaliação histopatológica foi realizada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 30º dias após o período pós operatório. Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos de P. ramiflora demonstraram majoritariamente a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides; o infiltrado inflamatório avaliado no 7º dia foi maior para animais do grupo controle em relação aos grupos Ext (p<0.05) e Ext+gel 2% (p<0.05); no 14º dia o controle e Exp (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento significativo dos infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de fibroblastos foi elevada no 7º dia em todos os tratamentos. O processo da angiogênese mostrou um maior número de vasos sanguíneos entre os grupos Ext e Ext+gel (p<0.05) no 7º dia; no 14º dia o grupo controle, Ext (p<0.05), Control e Ext+gel (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento de vascularização, e no 21º dia apenas os grupos controle e Ext (p<0.05). Os resultados histopatológicos mostraram que a formulação gel carbopol + extrato etanólico a 2% foi eficiente na reparação de tecidos e na diminuição de células inflamatórias nos animais diabéticos.

Pouteria ramiflora leaf extract on emulgel in wound healing activity in diabetic rats

Abstract The genus Pouteria has been studied because it presents various activities, among which is its anti-inflammatory potential. The effects of Pouteria ramiflora Carbopol gel on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats were evaluated by microscopic imaging. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in animals that had fasted for 12 hours, a situation confirmed by the glycemic index ( 240 mg dL-1). An excision on the back of the animals was performed and three groups were formed: Control (Gel), Ethanolic extract (Ext) and Gel + extract 2% (Ext+gel); the histopathological evaluation occurred on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days after the post-operative period. The results of the phytochemical prospecting of P. ramiflora extract demonstrated the major presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate on the 7th day was higher on group Ext and Ext+gel when compared to group Control; on the 14th day control and Ext (p 0.05). The quantification of fibroblasts was higher on the 7th day among the three treatments, control and Ext (p 0.05), on the 21st day. Angiogenesis showed a higher number of vessels in Ext+gel group (p 0.05) on the 7th day; in Control, Ext and Ext+gel (p 0.05) on the 14th day; and Control and Ext (p 0.05)on the 21st day. The histopathological results showed that the formulation Ext+gel was efficient in tissue reparation and decrease in inflammatory cells on the diabetics animals.

Resumo O gênero Pouteria apresenta várias aplicações terapêuticas e, dentre elas, grande potencial antiflamatório. Os efeitos do gel de Pouteria ramiflora sobre a cicatrização de feridas na pele de ratos diabéticos foram avaliados pela histomorfometria. A estreptozotocina foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em animais após jejum de 12 horas, a confirmação de indução da diabetes foi confirmada pelo índice glicêmico ( 240 mg dL-1). Foi realizada uma incisão no dorso do animal e foram criados 3 grupos de tratamento: controle (gel carbopol), extrato etanólico (Ext) e Gel + extrato etanólico à 2% (Ext+gel); a avaliação histopatológica foi realizada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 30º dias após o período pós operatório. Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos de P. ramiflora demonstraram majoritariamente a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides; o infiltrado inflamatório avaliado no 7º dia foi maior para animais do grupo controle em relação aos grupos Ext (p 0.05) e Ext+gel 2% (p 0.05); no 14º dia o controle e Exp (p 0.05) apresentaram aumento significativo dos infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de fibroblastos foi elevada no 7º dia em todos os tratamentos. O processo da angiogênese mostrou um maior número de vasos sanguíneos entre os grupos Ext e Ext+gel (p 0.05) no 7º dia; no 14º dia o grupo controle, Ext (p 0.05), Control e Ext+gel (p 0.05) apresentaram aumento de vascularização, e no 21º dia apenas os grupos controle e Ext (p 0.05). Os resultados histopatológicos mostraram que a formulação gel carbopol + extrato etanólico a 2% foi eficiente na reparação de tecidos e na diminuição de células inflamatórias nos animais diabéticos.

Pouteria ramiflora leaf extract on emulgel in wound healing activity in diabetic rats / Ação do extrato de folhas de Pouteria ramiflora em emulgel na atividade de cicatrização de feridas em ratos diabéticos

The genus Pouteria has been studied because it presents various activities, among which is its anti-inflammatory potential. The effects of Pouteria ramiflora Carbopol gel on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats were evaluated by microscopic imaging. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in animals that had fasted for 12 hours, a situation confirmed by the glycemic index (> 240 mg dL-1). An excision on the back of the animals was performed and three groups were formed: Control (Gel), Ethanolic extract (Ext) and Gel + extract 2% (Ext+gel); the histopathological evaluation occurred on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days after the post-operative period. The results of the phytochemical prospecting of P. ramiflora extract demonstrated the major presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate on the 7th day was higher on group Ext and Ext+gel when compared to group Control; on the 14th day control and Ext (p<0.05). The quantification of fibroblasts was higher on the 7th day among the three treatments, control and Ext (p<0.05), on the 21st day. Angiogenesis showed a higher number of vessels in Ext+gel group (p<0.05) on the 7th day; in Control, Ext and Ext+gel (p<0.05) on the 14th day; and Control and Ext (p<0.05)on the 21st day. The histopathological results showed that the formulation Ext+gel was efficient in tissue reparation and decrease in inflammatory cells on the diabetic's animals.

O gênero Pouteria apresenta várias aplicações terapêuticas e, dentre elas, grande potencial antiflamatório. Os efeitos do gel de Pouteria ramiflora sobre a cicatrização de feridas na pele de ratos diabéticos foram avaliados pela histomorfometria. A estreptozotocina foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em animais após jejum de 12 horas, a confirmação de indução da diabetes foi confirmada pelo índice glicêmico (> 240 mg dL-1). Foi realizada uma incisão no dorso do animal e foram criados 3 grupos de tratamento: controle (gel carbopol), extrato etanólico (Ext) e Gel + extrato etanólico à 2% (Ext+gel); a avaliação histopatológica foi realizada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 30º dias após o período pós operatório. Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos de P. ramiflora demonstraram majoritariamente a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides; o infiltrado inflamatório avaliado no 7º dia foi maior para animais do grupo controle em relação aos grupos Ext (p<0.05) e Ext+gel 2% (p<0.05); no 14º dia o controle e Exp (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento significativo dos infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de fibroblastos foi elevada no 7º dia em todos os tratamentos. O processo da angiogênese mostrou um maior número de vasos sanguíneos entre os grupos Ext e Ext+gel (p<0.05) no 7º dia; no 14º dia o grupo controle, Ext (p<0.05), Control e Ext+gel (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento de vascularização, e no 21º dia apenas os grupos controle e Ext (p<0.05). Os resultados histopatológicos mostraram que a formulação gel carbopol + extrato etanólico a 2% foi eficiente na reparação de tecidos e na diminuição de células inflamatórias nos animais diabéticos.

Influencia del tallado en la lisura superficial del esmalte / The influence of carving on surface smoothness of enamel

Al momento de realizar una preparación dental existen diferentes alternativas. Dentro del instrumental rotatorio hay dos opciones: la turbina dental (ultra-velocidad) y el micromotor acoplado a un contra-ángulo multiplicador (alta velocidad). El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar cualitativamente la diferencia en la lisura superficial sobre esmalte, que se genera al desgastarlo, utilizando para esto, una turbina dental y un micromotor eléctrico acoplado a un contra-ángulo multiplicador 1:5 (anillo rojo). Se realizó un análisis cualitativo sobre una muestra de 24 superficies de esmalte obtenidas de 12 premolares extraídos por indicación ortodóntica, los cuales fueron preparados y observados al microscopio óptico. Luego de observar las 24 superficies al microscopio se pudo constatar una mayor lisura superficial sobre el esmalte al utilizar micromotor eléctrico acoplado a contraángulo multiplicador en comparación con turbina (AU)

Toxicity and phytochemistry of eight species used in the traditional medicine of sul-mato-grossense, Brazil / Toxicidade e fitoquímica de oito espécies usadas na medicina tradicional sul-mato-grossense, Brasil

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.

Resumo O Cerrado brasileiro possui diversas espécies botânicas com fins medicinais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais e muitas dessas plantas não estão incluídas na lista do Programa de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi a triagem fitoquímica e o bioensaio toxicológico frente ao Brine shrimp L. de extratos etanólicos de oito espécies de plantas utilizadas na medicina popular de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os extratos etanólicos foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica, determinação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides. Os ensaios toxicológicos foram realizados frente ao Brine shrimp de acordo com a metodologia padrão. A análise de cromatografia de camada delgada e HPLC-DAD confirmou a predominância de compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente para a quercetina. O mais tóxico foi o C. affinis DC. com a morte em todas as concentrações, o A. humile A. St. Hil. não apresentou mortalidade e as demais espécies apresentaram toxicidade intermediária. Os extratos das espécies investigadas são ricos em compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente a quercetina e apresentam toxicidade entre moderada a alta, fato que requer atenção, pois grande parte das comunidades tradicionais conta com fitoterápicos em sua forma bruta com preventivo e finalidade curativa, atendendo aos cuidados básicos de saúde.

Efficacy of application of Equisetum pyramidale Goldm. hydrogel for tissue restoration of induced skin lesions in Wistar rats / Eficácia da aplicação de Equisetum pyramidale Goldm. hidrogel na restauração tecidual em lesões cutâneas induzidas em ratos Wistar

Abstract Medicinal plants, such as E. pyramidale, are alternatives against infections and assist in the healing process of wounds. We evaluated the effects of Hydrogel of E. pyramidale on the healing of cutaneous wounds in animal models by morphological, morphometric and histological analyses, and elucidated major components. The ethanolic extract of E. pyramidale shoots was submitted to phytochemical analysis. For cicatrizing activity assay, Wistar rats were used, and the groups evaluated were hydrogel containing ethanolic extract of E. pyramidale at 2% compared to control groups. The treatment periods were 3, 7 and 21 days, and macroscopic and microscopic analyses were performed. Data were submitted to Analysis of Variance (p <0.05). Phytochemistry and quantification evidenced that flavonoids are main constituents and that they were evidenced by thin layer chromatography (TLC), high efficiency (HPLC) and infrared (IR) methods. In TLC, using flavonoid patterns, we observed pinocembrin. The hydrogel containing ethanolic extract of E. pyramidale at 2% was effective in wound regression. E. pyramidale can be used for the treatment of second intention wounds, and the effective healing may be due to a high flavonoid content.

Resumo As plantas medicinais, como E. pyramidale, são uma alternativa para combater infecções e ajudar o processo de cicatrização de feridas. Avaliar os efeitos do hidrogel de E. pyramidale na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em modelos animais através de análises morfológicas, morfométricas e histológicas, bem como para elucidar os principais componentes. O extrato etanólico das partes aéreas de E. pyramidale foi submetido a análise fitoquímica. Para o ensaio de atividade cicatrizante, foram utilizados ratos Wistar e os grupos avaliados foram o hidrogel com extrato etanólico de E. pyramidale 2% em comparação com os grupos controle. Os períodos de tratamento foram 3, 7 e 21 dias e as análises macroscópicas e microscópicas foram realizadas e os dados submetidos à Análise de Variância (p <0,05). A fitoquímica e a quantificação indicaram que os flavonóides são os constituintes principais e que mesmos foram evidenciados na cromatografia de camada delgada (CCD), de alta eficiência (HPLC) e por infravermelho (IV). Em CCD, empregando padrões de flavonoides, foi observado a pinocembrina. O hidrogel com extrato etanólico de E. pyramidale 2% foi eficaz na regressão da ferida. E. pyramidale pode ser usado no tratamento de feridas de segunda intenção e a cura efetiva pode ser devido ao alto teor de flavonoides.

Identification of bacterial and fungal species in human cadavers used in anatomy teaching / Identificación de especies bacterianas y fúngicas en cadáveres humanos utilizados en la enseñanza de la anatomía

Within the framework of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, cadavers have been used to teach anatomy by dissection or by using prosected specimens. To accomplish this, an appropriated preservation process must guarantee that the cadaver is kept safe for harm, destruction, and decomposition. Embalming fluid contains fixatives, disinfectants, surfactants, buffers, salt, and water, making the cadaver safe for teaching anatomy. However, it remains unclear if there is any risk of dissemination of microorganisms during anatomy teaching, research, and dissection procedures on fixed cadavers. The purpose of this study is to identify bacterial and fungal species in fixed cadaveric material used in anatomy teaching. Samples of cadavers and anatomical sections were cultured and biochemical tests and molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to identify the microorganisms. The results indicate that fixed cadaveric material has viable bacteria on its surfaces and almost all these correspond to gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family. In conclusion, fixed cadavers could be a reservoir of bacteria. This study underscores the importance of generating safe manipulation protocols to avoid eventual contamination and disease.

Dentro del curriculum de los programas de postgrado y pregrado de las carreras de la salud, los cadáveres han sido utilizados para la enseñanza de la anatomía mediante la disección o utilizando preparados anatómicos. Para poder llevar a cabo esto, el cadáver debe pasar por un adecuado proceso de preservación; en el que se utilizan fluidos que contienen fijadores, desinfectantes, surfactantes, buffers, sal y agua, los cuales lo protegen del deterioro y la descomposición. Las soluciones fijadoras y conservadoras contienen desinfectantes, surfactantes, fijadores, buffers, sal y agua, que hacen que el cadáver sea seguro para la enseñanza de la anatomía. Sin embargo, no está claro si existe algún riesgo de diseminación de microorganismos durante la enseñanza, investigación y/o disección en estos cadáveres. El propósito del estudio es identificar especies bacterianas y/o fúngicas en material cadavérico previamente fijado, usado en la enseñanza de la anatomía. Se realizaron cultivos y técnicas de identificación molecular mediante reacción en cadena de polimerasa de muestras tomadas desde material cadavérico para identificar los microorganismos encontrados. Los resultados indican que el material cadavérico previamente fijado posee bacterias en sus superficies, la mayoría corresponde a bacilos gram negativos de la familia de las Enterobacteriaceae. En conclusión, los cadáveres previamente fijados pueden ser reservorio de bacterias. Este estudio destaca la importancia de generar protocolos de manipulación con el fin de evitar una posible contaminación y enfermedad.

CONOCIMIENTO Y PRÁCTICA DE RECOMENDACIONES SOBRE ALIMENTACIÓN SALUDABLE EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS / KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF RECOMMENDATIONS ON HEALTHY FOOD IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

En la actualidad resulta evidente la relación que existe entre la alimentación y la salud. La etapa universitaria es un momento clave en la autonomía en la cual los jóvenes adquieren hábitos alimentarios propios, guiados en mayor o menor medida por gustos personales, influencias del entorno, factores económicos y la búsqueda de la salud, entre otros aspectos.

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control / Fitoquímica, potencial antioxidante e antifúngico de Byrsonima crassifolia no controle de fitopatógenos de solo

Abstract The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.

Resumo A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.

¿Son los cannabinoides un tratamiento efectivo para la fibromialgia? / Are cannabinoids effective for fibromyalgia?

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se postula que los cannabinoides pudieran tener beneficios en la fibromialgia, sin embargo, su efectividad clínica sigue siendo un tema de discusión. MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos quince revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyen dos ensayos aleatorizados pertinentes. Concluimos que no está claro si los cannabinoides tienen beneficios en la fibromialgia porque la certeza de la evidencia es muy baja. Por otra parte, están asociados a efectos adversos frecuentes.

INTRODUCTION: Cannabinoids have been proposed as a therapeutic alternative for fibromyalgia. However, their clinical effectiveness is a matter of debate. METHODS: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified fifteen systematic reviews including two randomized trials overall. We concluded it is not clear whether cannabinoids have any benefit in fibromyalgia because the certainty of the evidence is very low. On the other hand, they are associated to frequent adverse effects.

Wound-Healing potential of Sebastiania hispida (Mart) Pax (Euphorbiaceae) ointment compared to low power laser in rats / Potencial cicatrizante da pomada de Sebastiania hispida (Mart) Pax (Euphorbiaceae) comparado ao laser de baixa potência

Abstract Impaired wound healing represents a serious complication in some pathologies and the use of plant extracts has proved to improve tissue repair. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the healing potential of the ointment of Sebastiana hispida compared with Aluminum-Gallium Indium-Phosphide Laser (InGaAlP) in surgically induced wounds in rats and to perform the phytochemical analysis. The phytochemical analysis was performed in the classic way and also by HPLC. A controlled study was developed with 80 rats (200-250 g) in which a linear excision was performed in the dorsal region after shaving, measuring 2 cm × 1 cm (epidermis and dermis) exposing the muscle fascia. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of twenty animals each. The experimental groups (n = 5) were G1 (Saline); G2 (crude methanol plant extract 2% + Carbopol Gel 98%); G3 (crude methanol plant extract 2% + lanolin/vaseline) and G4 (laser). The incision healing processes were monitored during 3, 7, 14 and until 21 days after excision. The histologic parameters evaluated were Collagen fiber types, microscopic examination and neovascularization. There was a significant increase in the deposition of collagen fibers, as evidenced by a better organized epithelial tissue, keratinized and showing greater proliferation of new blood vessels in the inflammatory phase in the group treated with both the extract and laser. The results were correlated to the phenolic derivatives found after qualitative and quantitative analysis. These compounds were considered responsible for the healing process. The topical treatment with S. hispida leaves, in the two different formulations, was more effective than the application of the laser (Ingan ALP) 660 nm in the model used.

Resumo A cicatrização deficiente representa uma complicação grave em algumas patologias e o uso de extratos de plantas tem demonstrado melhora no processo de reparação tecidual. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial cicatrizante da pomada de Sebastiania hispida comparado ao Laser Indio Phosphide-Gallium-Aluminum (InGaAlP) em feridas cutâneas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos e realizar analise fitoquímica. A análise fitoquímica foi via clássica e por CLAE. O experimento foi desenvolvido com 80 ratos (200-250 g), divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n = 5): G1 (salina); G2 (extrato bruto metanólico 2% + Carbopol Gel 98%); G3 (extrato bruto metanólico 2% + lanolina/vaselina) e G4 (laser). Após a tricotomia da região dorsal realizou uma excisão linear, medindo 2 cm × 1 cm (epiderme e derme), expondo a fáscia muscular. Em sequência os tratamentos e o monitoramento do processo de cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas ocorreu nos tempos de: 3, 7, 14 e até 21 dias após a excisão. Os parâmetros histológicos avaliados foram: tipos de fibras colágenas, avaliação morfológica e neovascularização. Houve uma deposição significativa de fibras colágenas, evidenciado por um tecido epitelial mais bem organizado, queratinizado e mostrando uma maior proliferação de novos vasos sanguíneos na fase inflamatória do grupo tratado com o extrato e o laser. A eficiência do processo de cicatrização pode estar relacionada com a presença de compostos fenólicos e derivados detectados na análise qualitativa e quantitativa. A utilização do tratamento tópico com as duas formulações diferentes de S. hispida foram mais eficazes do que a aplicação do Laser (InGaAlP) no modelo utilizado.

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control

Abstract The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.

Resumo A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.

Efficacy of application of Equisetum pyramidale Goldm. hydrogel for tissue restoration of induced skin lesions in Wistar rats

Abstract Medicinal plants, such as E. pyramidale, are alternatives against infections and assist in the healing process of wounds. We evaluated the effects of Hydrogel of E. pyramidale on the healing of cutaneous wounds in animal models by morphological, morphometric and histological analyses, and elucidated major components. The ethanolic extract of E. pyramidale shoots was submitted to phytochemical analysis. For cicatrizing activity assay, Wistar rats were used, and the groups evaluated were hydrogel containing ethanolic extract of E. pyramidale at 2% compared to control groups. The treatment periods were 3, 7 and 21 days, and macroscopic and microscopic analyses were performed. Data were submitted to Analysis of Variance (p 0.05). Phytochemistry and quantification evidenced that flavonoids are main constituents and that they were evidenced by thin layer chromatography (TLC), high efficiency (HPLC) and infrared (IR) methods. In TLC, using flavonoid patterns, we observed pinocembrin. The hydrogel containing ethanolic extract of E. pyramidale at 2% was effective in wound regression. E. pyramidale can be used for the treatment of second intention wounds, and the effective healing may be due to a high flavonoid content.

Resumo As plantas medicinais, como E. pyramidale, são uma alternativa para combater infecções e ajudar o processo de cicatrização de feridas. Avaliar os efeitos do hidrogel de E. pyramidale na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em modelos animais através de análises morfológicas, morfométricas e histológicas, bem como para elucidar os principais componentes. O extrato etanólico das partes aéreas de E. pyramidale foi submetido a análise fitoquímica. Para o ensaio de atividade cicatrizante, foram utilizados ratos Wistar e os grupos avaliados foram o hidrogel com extrato etanólico de E. pyramidale 2% em comparação com os grupos controle. Os períodos de tratamento foram 3, 7 e 21 dias e as análises macroscópicas e microscópicas foram realizadas e os dados submetidos à Análise de Variância (p 0,05). A fitoquímica e a quantificação indicaram que os flavonóides são os constituintes principais e que mesmos foram evidenciados na cromatografia de camada delgada (CCD), de alta eficiência (HPLC) e por infravermelho (IV). Em CCD, empregando padrões de flavonoides, foi observado a pinocembrina. O hidrogel com extrato etanólico de E. pyramidale 2% foi eficaz na regressão da ferida. E. pyramidale pode ser usado no tratamento de feridas de segunda intenção e a cura efetiva pode ser devido ao alto teor de flavonoides.

Toxicity and phytochemistry of eight species used in the traditional medicine of sul-mato-grossense, Brazil

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.

Resumo O Cerrado brasileiro possui diversas espécies botânicas com fins medicinais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais e muitas dessas plantas não estão incluídas na lista do Programa de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi a triagem fitoquímica e o bioensaio toxicológico frente ao Brine shrimp L. de extratos etanólicos de oito espécies de plantas utilizadas na medicina popular de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os extratos etanólicos foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica, determinação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides. Os ensaios toxicológicos foram realizados frente ao Brine shrimp de acordo com a metodologia padrão. A análise de cromatografia de camada delgada e HPLC-DAD confirmou a predominância de compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente para a quercetina. O mais tóxico foi o C. affinis DC. com a morte em todas as concentrações, o A. humile A. St. Hil. não apresentou mortalidade e as demais espécies apresentaram toxicidade intermediária. Os extratos das espécies investigadas são ricos em compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente a quercetina e apresentam toxicidade entre moderada a alta, fato que requer atenção, pois grande parte das comunidades tradicionais conta com fitoterápicos em sua forma bruta com preventivo e finalidade curativa, atendendo aos cuidados básicos de saúde.

Fenotipos de disfunción crónica del injerto pulmonar: experiencia de un centro de referencia / Phenotypes of Pulmonary Chronic Graft Dysfunction: Experience of a Reference Center

Introducción: El trasplante pulmonar es una opción terapéutica válida para enfermedades pulmonares en estadío terminal. La sobrevida se encuentra relacionada al desarrollo de rechazo crónico que se presenta en el 50 - 55% de los pacientes a los 5 años del trasplante. Los fenotipos de disfunción pulmonar crónica del injerto pulmonar (DPCI) son el síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante y el síndrome restrictivo. Objetivo principal: Demostrar nuestra experiencia en pacientes con diferentes fenotipos de rechazo pulmonar crónico. Objetivo secundario: Dar a conocer las diferencias clínicas y hallazgos tomográficos que diferencian los diferentes fenotipos DPCI. Materiales y métodos: Se procedió a revisar las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes trasplantados pulmonares con sospecha clínica o diagnóstico histológico de DPCI y se las analizó. Dicha sospecha se estableció en base a la espirometría. Para el síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante, una caída de VEF1 mayor o igual al 20% del valor máximo, registrado en 2 tomas separadas por al menos 3 semanas. Para el síndrome restrictivo, una caída persistente de a CVF mayor o igual al 10% asociado o no a caída de VEF1, registrado en 2 tomas separadas por al menos 3 semanas. Resultados: De 359 trasplantes pulmonares realizados en 21 años se estableció el diagnóstico de DPCI en 59 pacientes (16,4%). Se identificó gran predominio del síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante en el 93% de los pacientes; el restante 7% correspondió al síndrome restrictivo. Pudimos establecer que el mayor porcentaje de pacientes trasplantados pulmonares desarrollan DPCI a los 3 años post cirugía (31%) y el tiempo medio de mortalidad desde el diagnóstico fue de 2 años. Ninguno de nuestros pacientes presentó reversibilidad del SBO con el tratamiento con azitromicina. De los 59 pacientes con DPCI, 7 de ellos fueron re trasplantados, lo que representa el 12% de los casos.

Introduction: Lung Transplantation is a valid therapeutic option for end-stage lung diseases. The survival is related to the development of chronic graft dysfunction, which occurs in 50-55% of patients at 5 years after transplantation. The phenotypes of chronic rejection are bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and restrictive syndrome. Main objective: Describe our experience in patients with different phenotypes of pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction. Secondary objective: Identify the CT fndings and clinical differences which distinguish the different phenotypes of pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction. Materials and Methods: We proceeded to review and analyze the medical records of all patients with lung transplant and suspected pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction. The clinical manifestations and spirometry parameters or histological diagnosis of chronic rejection were registered. Results: The study included 359 lung transplants performed in 21 years. Pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction diagnosis was established in 59 patients (16.4%). Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome was present in 93% of these patients; restrictive syndrome was present in the remaining 7%. The highest percentage of lung transplant patients who developed pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction took place at 3 years after surgery (31%) and the median time to death from diagnosis was 2 years. None of our patients presented reversibility of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after treatment with azithromycin. Re-transplantation was performed in 7 (12%) of the 59 patients with pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction.

Veinte años de experiencia en trasplante pulmonar: Complicaciones de la vía aérea: Rol de la tomografía computada multidetector / Twenty-Year Experience in Lung Transplantation: Complications of the Airways. The Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography

Introducción: Las complicaciones de la vía aérea (CVA) en pacientes trasplantados pulmonares ocupan una causa importante de morbimortalidad; llegan a presentarse (hasta en el 18% de los mismos). Se incluyen la dehiscencia, la estenosis y la malasia. Objetivo: Demostrar nuestra experiencia en pacientes con CVA sometidos a trasplante pulmonar. Objetivo secundario: Demostrar la utilidad de la tomografía computada multidetector (TCMD) para el diagnóstico y control post tratamiento de las CVA. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes trasplantados pulmonares con diagnóstico broncográfico de CVA. Además se compararon los hallazgos tomográficos de estos pacientes con el de las FBC. Resultados: De 325 trasplantes realizados en 20 años, 65 (20%) de ellos presentaron alguna CVA. Se reportó estenosis en 51 pacientes (78,5%); malasia en un 15% y dehiscencia en un 13,5%. Los pacientes con estenosis o malasia recibieron dilatación endoscópica; 33 de ellos presentaron re estenosis, por lo que a 30 se les implantó un stent. Las dehiscencias fueron tratadas con corrección quirúrgica, stents o cierre con Histoacryl. De los 30 pacientes con sospecha de CVA a los que se les realizó TCMD, esta demostró ser diagnóstica en el 100% de los casos. Conclusión: Las CVA deben sospecharse en caso de disnea, fiebre o empeoramiento de la clase funcional con caída del volumen espiratorio forzado en 1 segundo (VEF1). La TCMD con reconstrucciones multiplanares o 3D demostró alta certeza para el diagnóstico de las CVA, planeamiento de su terapéutica y control posterior de la misma.

Introduction: The complications of airways in lung transplant recipients are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, reaching up to 18% of patients according to various reports. Dehiscence, stenosis and malacia are included. Objective: Describe our experience in patients with complications of airways after lung transplantation. Secondary Objective: Demonstrate the usefulness of multidetector computed tomography for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of airways complications in lungs transplanted patients. Materials and Methods: The medical records of lungs transplanted patients with bronchographic diagnosis of the airways complications were reviewed and analyzed. Furthermore CT findings of these patients were compared with the bronchoscopy diagnosis to determine their utility. Results: Among 325 lung transplants performed in 20 years, 65 (20%) showed airways complications. The most frequently reported complications were stenosis in 51 patients (78.5%), malacia (15%) and dehiscence (13.5%). All patients with stenosis or malacia received first a therapeutic endoscopic dilatation; 33 of them had re-stenosis and in 30 patients a stent was implanted. Dehiscences were treated with surgical intervention, stenting or closing with Histoacryl. In 30 patients with clinical suspicion of significant airways complications, MDCT proved to be diagnostic in 100% of cases. Conclusion: The airways complications should always be suspected in cases of dyspnea, fever or worsening functional class associated with spirometry forced expiratory volume decline in one second. Also, MDCT with multiplanar and 3D reconstructions showed high accuracy for diagnosis, therapy planning and subsequent control.

stg fimbrial operon from S. Typhi STH2370 contributes to association and cell disruption of epithelial and macrophage-like cells

BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) stg operon, encoding a chaperone/usher fimbria (CU), contributes to an increased adherence to human epithelial cells. However, one report suggests that the presence of the Stg fimbria impairs the monocyte-bacteria association, as deduced by the lower level of invasion to macrophage-like cells observed when the stg fimbrial cluster was overexpressed. Nevertheless, since other CU fimbrial structures increase the entry of S. Typhi into macrophages, and considering that transcriptomic analyses revealed that stg operon is indeed expressed in macrophages, we reassessed the role of the stg operon in the interaction between S. Typhi strain STH2370 and human cells, including macrophage-like cells and mononuclear cells directly taken from human peripheral blood. RESULTS: We compared S. Typhi STH2370 WT, a Chilean clinical strain, and the S. Typhi STH2370 Astg mutant with respect to association and invasion using epithelial and macrophage-like cells. We observed that deletion of stg operon reduced the association and invasion of S. Typhi, in both cellular types. The presence of the cloned stg operon restored the WT phenotype in all the cases. Moreover, we compared Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium 14028s (S. Typhimurium, a serovar lacking stg operon) and S. Typhimurium heterologously expressing S. Typhi stg. We found that the latter presents an increased cell disruption of polarized epithelial cells and an increased association in both epithelial and macrophage-like cells. CONCLUSIONS: S. Typhi stg operon encodes a functional adhesin that participates in the interaction bacteria-eukary-otic cells, including epithelial cells and macrophages-like cells. The phenotypes associated to stg operon include increased association and consequent invasion in bacteria-eukaryotic cells, and cell disruption.

The effects of low-level laser on muscle damage caused by Bothrops neuwiedi venom

The present study aimed to assess the effects of low-level laser (660 nm) on myonecrosis caused by the insertion of Bothrops neuwiedi venom in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n equal 24 each): Group S (0.9 percent saline solution); Group V (venom) and Group VLLL (venom plus low-level laser). These categories were subdivided into four additional groups (n equal 6) based on the euthanasia timing (3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days). The groups V and VLLL were inoculated with 100 miL of concentrated venom (40 mig/mL) in the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle was irradiated using a gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser (GaAlAs) at 35 mW power and 4 J/cm² energy density for 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days or 7 days after venom inoculation. To evaluate the myotoxic activity of the venom, CK activity was measured and the muscle was histologically analyzed. The low-level laser reduced venom-induced CK activity in the groups euthanized at 3 hours, 24 hours and 3 days (p smaller that 0.0001). Histological analysis revealed that low-level laser reduced neutrophilic inflammation as well as myofibrillar edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis following B. neuwiedi envenomation. These results suggest that low-level laser can be useful as an adjunct therapy following B. neuwiedi envenomation.

Use of IgM-capture ELISA for confirmation of Japanese encephalitis infections in the Philippines.

In 2001, the Research and Biotechnology Division (RBD) of St Luke's Medical Center, in collaboration with the Institute of Tropical Medicine of Nagasaki University in Japan, initiated a long-term study of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines. Laboratory confirmation of acute cases of Japanese. encephalitis was done by IgM-capture ELISA, which detects anti-JEV immunoglobulin M in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. In the period 2002-2004, a total of 614 CSF samples were submitted to RBD, and of these, 11.7% were positive for anti-JEV IgM: 17 in 2002, 18 in 2003, 32 in 2004, and 5 in 2005. Positive cases came from patients aged 2-77 years. In the 72 positive cases where gender was identified, 44 were male and 28 female. Possible co-infections with dengue virus were also detected by separate testing for anti-dengue IgM by ELISA in 17 CSF samples positive for JE.

IgM-capture ELISA of serum samples collected from Filipino dengue patients.

Viral antigens for 4 dengue serotypes were produced in C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells. These were used as assay antigens for IgM-capture ELISA to detect IgM antibodies in sera of dengue patients from 3 hospitals in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 378 serum samples came from National Children's Hospital (NCH), San Lazaro Hospital (SLH), and St Luke's Medical Center (SLMC), from January to November 1995. Three hundred and four (304) out of 378 serum samples, or 80.42% showed positive IgM ELISA titer against at least one of the 4 assay antigens. Dengue type 4 (D4) antigen detected antibodies in 61.90% (234/378) of these serum samples, whereas type 1 (D1), type 3 (D3), and type 2 (D2) had detection rates of 60.05% (227/378), 50.79% (192/378) and 49.47% (187/378) respectively. Although the results show that both D1 and D4 are the most effective antigens in identifying dengue infections for this batch of samples, the use of a cocktail of antigens is still recommended. The results of this study are the basis for the IgM-capture ELISA protocol presently applied for the laboratory confirmation of dengue cases in the Philippines.